The group of phenomena is probably best known for its verbal auditory subtype, but it also includes musical hallucinations, echo of reading, exploding-head syndrome, and many other types. Jan Dirk Blom, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2015 AbstractĪuditory hallucinations constitute a phenomenologically rich group of endogenously mediated percepts which are associated with psychiatric, neurologic, otologic, and other medical conditions, but which are also experienced by 10–15% of all healthy individuals in the general population. A Cochrane review of 41 studies with 1473 participants found insufficient evidence to support or to refute clinical efficacy of rTMS for treating symptoms of schizophrenia and as an adjunctive therapy to antipsychotic medication, though considered temporo-parietal rTMS promising for auditory hallucinations and other positive symptoms ( Dougall et al., 2015). Various stimulation protocols have targeted frontal areas, but only facilitatory rapid rTMS to the left DLPFC has been promising. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia may result from functional disturbance in the prefrontal cortex. The results are ambiguous, with both positive and negative studies (both of class II and III), though a few meta-analyses point to a possible therapeutic efficacy of inhibitory rTMS. The increased pathological activity in the primary and associative auditory areas in the left temporo-parietal cortex (TPC) presumed to underlie auditory hallucinations provides the rationale for inhibitory rTMS protocols. Joseph Jankovic MD, in Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2022 Auditory Hallucinations and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
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